Human Organizations: Groups, Families, Communities, Cities, and States

Groups

Picture 1. Groups

Group: any number of people with similar norms, values, and expectations who interact regularly.

–     Primary group: small group with intimate, face-to-face association and cooperation

– Secondary group: formal, impersonal groups with little social intimacy or mutual understanding

Table 1. Comparison of Primary and Secondary Groups

Types of Groups :

–     In-groups: any groups or categories  to which people feel they belong

–     Out-groups: any groups or categories to which people feel they do not belong

–     Reference group: any group that individuals use as standard for evaluating their own

      behavior.   

 Some examples of types of groups include the following:

 Peer group

  A peer group is a group with members of approximately the same age, social status, and interests. Generally, people are relatively equal in terms of power when they interact with peers.

Clique

  A group of people that have many of the same interests & commonly found in a High School/College setting; most of the time they have a name & rules for themselves.

  Club

  A club is a group, which usually requires one to apply to become a member. Such clubs may be dedicated to particular activities: sporting clubs, for example.

 Cabal

  A cabal is a group of people united in some close design together, usually to promote their private views or interests in a church, state, or other community, often by intrigue.

  Household

  All individuals who live in the same home. Anglophone culture may include various models of household, including the family, blended families, share housing, and group homes.

Community

A community is a group of people with a commonality or sometimes a complex net of overlapping commonalities, often–but not always–in proximity with one another with some degree of continuity over time.

  Franchise

  An organization which runs several instances of a business in many locations.

  Gang

  A gang is usually an urban group that gathers in a particular area. It is a group of people that often hang around each other. They can be like some clubs, but much less formal. They are usually known in many countries to cause social unrest and also have negative influence on the members and may be a target for the law enforcers in case of any social vices

  Mob

  A mob is usually a group of people that has taken the law into their own hands. Mobs are usually groups which gather temporarily for a particular reason.

  Posse

  A posse was originally found in English common law. It is generally obsolete, and survives only in America, where it is the law enforcement equivalent of summoning the militia for military purposes. However, it can also refer to a street group.

  Squad

  This is usually a small group, of around 3 to 15 people, who work as a team to accomplish their goals.

  Dyad

  This is a social group with two members. Social interaction in a dyad is typically more intense than in larger groups because neither member shares the other's attention with anyone else.

  Triad

  This is a social group with three members, which contains three relationships, each uniting two of the three people. A triad is more stable than a dyad because one member can act as a mediator should the relationship between the other two become strained.

  Team

  Similar to a squad, though a team may contain many more members. A team works in a similar way to a squad.

Families

Picture 2. Family

Family: set of people related by blood, marriage, or some other agreed-upon relationship, or adoption who share primary responsibility for reproduction and caring for members of society.

–     Nuclear Family: nucleus or core upon which larger family groups are built.

–     Extended Family: family in which relatives live in same home as parents and their children

Forms of family

There are two kinds of family views of how decisions are made , based on location and based on the pattern of authority.

1. Based on the location

Indigenous utrolokal , which is customary that gives freedom to the married couple to choose a place to stay , be it around the residence of the relatives of the husband or around the residence of the wife's relatives.

Indigenous virilokal , which is customary that specifies that a husband and wife are required to settle in around the center of the residence of the relatives of the husband.

Indigenous uxurilokal , which is customary that specifies that a married couple should live around the residence of the wife's relatives.

Indigenous bilokal , which is customary that specifies that a married couple can live in the husband's relatives around the center of the residence at certain times , and around the center of the residence of the wife's relatives at a certain time anyway ( alternate ).

Indigenous neolocal , which is customary that specifies that a married couple can occupy a new place , within the meaning of the word is not grouped with the relatives of the husband and wife.

Indigenous avunkulokal , which is customary that requires a married couple to settle around the residence of the mother 's brother ( avunculus ) of the husband.

Indigenous natalokal , which is customary that specifies that the husband and wife each live separately , and each one of them also live around the center of his own relatives.

2. Based on the pattern of authority

Patriarchal authority within the family that owned by men ( the oldest male , usually the father )

Matriarchal , which is the authority in the family owned by women ( the oldest women , mostly mothers )

Equalitarian , the husband and wife share authority equally.

The Function of Family

Functions of Education views of how to educate families and send their children to prepare for adulthood and future children .

The function of socialization of the child views of how families prepare children to be good members of society .

Protection function protect views of how the child's family so that the family members feel protected and feel safe .

Feelings function of how the family is seen instuitif feeling and atmosphere of the child and other members to communicate and interact among fellow members of the family . So that mutual understanding of each other in growing harmony in the family .

Function of Religious views of how to introduce family and invite children and other family members through the head of the family to instill confidence that regulates life and the life after the world .

Economic Functions views of how the head of the family earn money , arranging income in such a way so as to meet the needs of the family.

Recreational function seen from how to create a pleasant atmosphere in the family , such as watching TV shows together , telling stories about each other's experiences , and others Biological function of how the family views as a next-generation descendants continue. Give love , attention , and a sense of security in the family , as well as foster the maturation of personality family member.

Communities

Picture 3. Community

Community can refer to a usually small, social unit of any size that shares common values.

Types of Communities

-        Central Cities

•   Issues Facing Cities

§  Crime

§  Pollution

§  Schools

§  Inadequate transportation

• Asset-Based Community Development (ABCD)

o   Leaders, policymakers, and advocates identify a community’s strengths and then seek to mobilize those assets

•        Suburbs

o   Any community near a large city

o   Three social factors differentiate suburbs from cities

§  Less dense than cities

§  Private space

§  More exacting building codes

o   Suburban Expansion

§  Suburbanization most dramatic population trend in U.S. during 20th century

o   Diversity in the suburbs

§  The suburbs contain a significant number of low-income people from all backgrounds

•       Rural Communities

o   One-fourth of the population lives in towns of 2,500 people or less that are not adjacent to a city

o   Agriculture only accounts for 9% of employment in non-urban counties

Cities and States

Picture 4. United States of America

A state is a society with a formal, central government, and a division of society into classes. A state controls specific regional territory. Early states had productive farming economies, supporting dense populations. Often these populations were nucleated in cities.

The agricultural economies usually involved some form of water control or irrigation.

Early states used tribute and taxation to accumulate, at a central place, resources needed to support hundreds, or thousands, of specialists.

States are stratified into social classes (e.g., elites, commoners, and slaves).

Early states had imposing public buildings and architecture, including temples, palaces, and storehouses. Early states developed some form of record-keeping system, usually in a written script.

Daftar Pustaka

Damanik, Fritz. 2010. Sosiologi SMA/MA KELAS XII. Jakarta: Bailmu

Retrieved April 7th 2014 from

http://binusmaya.binus.ac.id/

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